Documents
eHRAF is comprised of thousands of ethnographic sources including monographs, journal articles, dissertations and manuscripts. Use this page to find relevant documents by searching or filtering. Each document in eHRAF also contains a Publication Information page with added metadata including brief abstracts written by HRAF analysts who have subject-indexed the file.
The Late Ice Age and the strategy of high mobilitybook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Archaic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
Although this document is outside the time period for Highland Mesoamerican Archaic it contains pictures, maps, and definitions useful for the following two documents....Coping with risk at the local levelbook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Archaic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
In this chapter Marcus and Flannery discuss how the inhabitants of the Valley of Oaxaca coped with the changes that occurred in their environment. They describe three sites: Gheo-Shih, Guilá Naquitz, and Cueva Blanca. Their way of life is reconstruct...Agriculture as an extension of foraging strategybook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Archaic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
Marcus and Flannery discuss how plant collecting became agriculture during the Archaic. At the time this was written new dates (both older and younger) had been performed on twelve maize cobs from Tehuacan. Although when agriculture got started durin...Learning to live in villagesbook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Early Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
This study attempts to reconstruct the development of sedentary village life in the Valley of Mexico. The authors describe the factor of high water table as being essential to the establishment of sedentary life in the valley of Mexico, since it prom...Creating prestige in egalitarian societybook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Early Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
Marcus and Flannery analyze in this article the various factors contributing to the development of individual leadership in Tierras Largas society. Since leadership was not hereditary a man could achieve prestige and status by accumulating followers,...The emergence of rank and the loss of autonomybook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Early Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
Marcus and Flannery believe that rank or hereditary inequality emerged in the Valley of Oaxaca during the San José phase. To prove their point they use more than 'ten lines of evidence to demonstrate that San José phase society had hereditary inequal...Alliance building and elite competitionbook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Early Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
Marcus and Flannery examine alliance building and chiefly competition during the Guadalupe phase. There were rival chiefly centers that had their own public buildings and pottery and may have competed through feasting. Marcus and Flannery also look a...Chiefly warfare and early writingbook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Late Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
The major theme of this article is the manner in which the effects of warfare shaped Rosario society in the Valley of Oaxaca during the period of 700-500 BC. Other topics in this article deal with social ranking, especially in regard to the emerging ...The Monte Albán synoikismbook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Late Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
Marcus and Flannery discuss how quickly Monte Albán became a city in what had been a no-man's-land in the Rosario phase. They examine the 'urban revolution' or the bringing together of many settlements to form a single polity (synoikism) that occurre...The Unification of the Valley of Oaxacabook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Late Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
Marcus and Flannery discuss the evolution of Monte Albán society from a chiefdom to a state. They use Hawaii from 1789 to 1810 as a model for state formation. In 1789 Hawaii consisted of several independent chiefdoms, by 1810 it was ruled by one rule...The emergence of the Zapotec statebook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Late Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
By Monte Albán II the Valley of Oaxaca was a unified state under the government centered at the site of Monte Albán. In this chapter, as in the last chapter, Marcus and Flannery discuss the evidence for it's state, including population, settlement pa...Colonization and conquestbook chapter 1996 • Marcus, Joyce & Flannery, Kent V.
Highland Mesoamerican Late Preclassic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
Marcus and Flannery discuss Monte Albán as an expansionist state by examining the evidence for colonization and conquest. Monte Albán documented their expansion with some hieroglyphic stone carvings known as 'conquest slabs.' These slabs seem to indi...Referencesessay 2003 • Flannery, Kent V. & Marcus, Joyce
Early Mesoamerican Archaic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
This is the bibliography for Documents 5-11, from the volume 'The Cloud People,' edited by Flannery and Marcus....The common origin of the Mixtec and Zapotecessay 2003 • Flannery, Kent V. & Marcus, Joyce
Early Mesoamerican Archaic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
The editors, Flannery and Marcus, preview the volume with a brief discussion of the probability of an Archaic Period proto-Otomanguean language group in the Valley of Oaxaca ancestral to the modern Mixtec and Zapotec....The Preceramic and Formative of the Oaxacaessay 1981 • Flannery, Kent V. et al.
Highland Mesoamerican Archaic • Middle America and the Caribbean > General Middle America and the Caribbean
This paper presents a synopsis of the preceramic (Archaic) period in the Valley of Oaxaca, essentially encompassing three historical phases: the Jicaras (5000-4000 BC); Blanca (3300-2800 BC); and Martinez (±2000 BC). Cultural data for the Archaic dea...