Topography and Geology

Metallurgy

Smiths and Their Crafts

Nonferrous Metal Industries

Occupational Specialization

Classes

Bibliographies in Sources

Flora

Diet

Land Use

Ownership and Control of Capital

Fauna

Fowling

Hunting and Trapping

Fishing

Preservation and Storage of Food

Lithic Industries

Settlement Patterns

Saving and Investment

Travel

Diagnostic Material Attributes

Cultural Participation

Bone, Horn, and Shell Technology

Weapons

General Tools

Population

Morbidity

Mortality

Comparative Evidence

Eating

Burial Practices and Funerals

Climate

Special Deposits

5311

Visual Arts

Special Burial Practices and Funerals

General Character of Religion

Religious Experience

Prayers and Sacrifices

Ethnogeography

Ethnozoology

Identification

Material Not Relevant

Ornament

Social Relationships and Groups

1211

Dating Methods in Archaeology

Organization and Analysis of Results

Chronologies and Culture Sequences

Mining and Quarrying

Sacred Objects and Places

Acculturation and Culture Contact

Internal Trade

Animal by-Products

Cordage

Mats and Basketry

Heating and Lighting Equipment

Internal Migration

Reviews and Critiques

Water Supply

Dwellings

Building Interiors and Arrangement

Cultural Stratigraphy

Sociocultural Trends

Territorial Hierarchy

Soil

External Migration

Routes

Ingroup Antagonisms

Instigation of War

Location

Fishing Gear

Post Depositional Processes

Shamans and Psychotherapists

Congregations

Theoretical Orientation

Woodworking

Division of Labor by Gender

Mineral Resources

TRADITION SUMMARY: EARLY PALEO-INDIAN

ORIENTATION

CULTURAL SUMMARY

CREDITS

ABSOLUTE TIME PERIOD

RELATIVE TIME PERIOD

LOCATION

DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES

REGIONAL SUBTRADITIONS

IMPORTANT SITES

ENVIRONMENT

SETTLEMENTS

ECONOMY

SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION

RELIGION AND EXPRESSIVE CULTURE

CLIMATE

TOPOGRAPHY

GEOLOGY

BIOTA

FAUNA

FLORA

SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

HOUSING

POPULATION, HEALTH, AND DISEASE

SUBSISTENCE

INDUSTRIAL ARTS

UTENSILS

ORNAMENTS

TRADE

DIVISION OF LABOR

DIFFERENTIAL ACCESS OR CONTROL OF RESOURCES

SOCIAL ORGANIZATION

CONFLICT

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

RELIGIOUS PRACTITIONERS

CEREMONIES

ARTS

DEATH AND AFTERLIFE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FRONT

BODY

BACK

eHRAF Archaeology

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The Early Paleo-Indian Tradition, which includes the initial colonization of the Western Hemisphere from Siberia by foot and/or by boat, occurred from more than 14,000 until 10,200 BP (radiocarbon years, or circa 15,500–12,500 BP calibrated). The people were highly mobile nomadic hunter-gatherers, with some fishing and some exploitation of Pleistocene megafauna. They created stone, bone, and ivory tools; evidence for baskets, cordage, and wooden tools exists where preservation is good. High quality tool stone is found far from its sources, indicating exchange between groups and/or high group mobility. Some regional variation in tool types and preferred raw materials appears circa 11,100 BP (13,000 BP calibrated), around the time that the Clovis complex begins.

Early Paleo-Indian

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Early Paleo-Indian

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