eHRAF Archaeology

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The East-Central European Iron Age is found mainly in Romania, Bulgaria, and western Moldova dating from 2800-2000 BP or 800-1 BCE. Both open and defended settlements were present. In addition to farming wheat and barley and pastoralism, cash cropping began in this period in this area. Artwork often shows the elite hunting. Slaves and raw materials were traded for Greek and Persian luxury goods. Status changed from ascribed to achieved to ruling dynasties. Warfare was endemic with their mercenaries being both sought after and feared. The elite conducted war for the spoils and also gained prestige through trade. Both cremation and inhumation were practiced with thousands of mounds or barrows known.

The Celts in the Balkan area

The Thracian Early Iron Age

Greeks, Celts, Scyths and Persians

Southern and Danubian Thrace

The Odrysian state

Danubian and East Thracians

The Geto-Dacian state

Tradition Summary

Aspects of settlement diversity and its classification in southeast Europe before the Roman period

Author	Title	Publication Date
Frey, Otto-Herman	The Celts in the Balkan area	1991
Hoddinott, R. F. (Ralph F.)	The Thracian Early Iron Age	1981
Hoddinott, R. F. (Ralph F.)	Greeks, Celts, Scyths and Persians	1981
Hoddinott, R. F. (Ralph F.)	Southern and Danubian Thrace	1981
Hoddinott, R. F. (Ralph F.)	The Odrysian state	1981
Hoddinott, R. F. (Ralph F.)	Danubian and East Thracians	1981
Hoddinott, R. F. (Ralph F.)	The Geto-Dacian state	1981
Taylor, Timothy	Tradition Summary	2025
Taylor, Timothy	Aspects of settlement diversity and its classification in southeast Europe before the Roman period	1987
Taylor, Timothy	Thracians, Scythians, and Dacians	1994

East-Central European Iron Age

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