Bibliographies in Sources

Settlement Patterns

5311

Visual Arts

Ground Combat Forces

Military Installations

Instigation of War

Chronologies and Culture Sequences

Traditional History

Community Structure

Identification

Location

Reviews and Critiques

Theoretical Orientation

History

Metallurgy

Iron and Steel Industry

Heating and Lighting Equipment

Typologies and Classifications

Masonry

Dwellings

Topography and Geology

Soil

Mineral Resources

Internal Trade

External Trade

Tillage

Cereal Agriculture

Vegetable Production

Land Use

Paraphernalia

Ceramic Technology

Weapons

General Tools

Utensils

Cultural Participation

Grounds

Nonferrous Metal Industries

Status, Role, and Prestige

Burial Practices and Funerals

Sacred Objects and Places

Ritual

Ornament

Jewelry Manufacture

Sociocultural Trends

Special Burial Practices and Funerals

Prayers and Sacrifices

Acculturation and Culture Contact

Writing

Miscellaneous Building Equipment

Theological Systems

Missions

Collecting

Fowling

Hunting and Trapping

Fishing

Diet

Diagnostic Material Attributes

Urban and Rural Life

Material Not Relevant

Water Supply

Miscellaneous Structures

Housing

Cities

Chief Executive

Special Garments

Bone, Horn, and Shell Technology

Lithic Industries

Musical Instruments

Towns

Community Heads

Form and Rules of Government

Commercial Facilities

Occupational Specialization

Climate

Internal Migration

External Migration

Pastoral Activities

Furniture

Accumulation of Wealth

Labor Organization

Classes

Mourning

Fauna

Animal Transport

Smiths and Their Crafts

Cosmology

Religious Experience

Flora

Human Effects on Environment

Population

Morbidity

Plumbing

Territorial Hierarchy

Post Depositional Processes

Cordage

Woven and Other Interworked Fabrics

TRADITION SUMMARY: WEST AFRICAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT

ORIENTATION

CULTURAL SUMMARY

CREDITS

ABSOLUTE TIME PERIOD

RELATIVE TIME PERIOD

LOCATION

DIAGNOSTIC MATERIAL ATTRIBUTES

Regional Subtraditions

Important Sites

ENVIRONMENT

SETTLEMENTS

ECONOMY

SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION

RELIGION AND EXPRESSIVE CULTURE

TOPOGRAPHY

GEOLOGY

BIOTA

Settlement system

Community organization

HOUSING

Population, health, and disease

SUBSISTENCE

INDUSTRIAL ARTS

UTENSILS

ORNAMENTS

TRADE

DIVISION OF LABOR

WILD FOODS

DOMESTIC FOODS

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION

CONFLICT

RELIGIOUS BELIEFS

ARTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FRONT

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eHRAF Archaeology

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The West African Regional Development tradition is located from the western borders of Chad and Cameroon to the Atlantic Ocean, and from the Gulf of Guinea north to the Tropic of Cancer. It occurred from 1200 to 500 BP (800 to 1500 AD). The West African Regional Development can best be characterized by how pre-existing cultural traits persist alongside new forms of subsistence, settlement, sociopolitical structures, and religion. Subsistence ran the gamut from hunter/gatherer/fishers to horticulturalists to nomadic pastoralists to intensive agriculturalists, with an accordingly varied diet featuring rice, millet, oil palm, and yam. Long distance trade and craft specialization increased. Settlement ranged from cities to towns to trading centers to areas with no apparent community organization. Sociopolitical complexity ranged from states to chiefdoms to, again, areas lacking evidence for political unity. Islam expanded farther south during the tradition.

West African Regional Development

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West African Regional Development

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