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The Yellow River Late Neolithic Tradition occurred from 5000–3900 BP in China around the central and lower Yellow and Yangtze River valleys. The people were sedentary intensive agriculturalists, mainly relying on millet or rice and livestock, with some hunting, gathering, and/or fishing. A two- to four-tiered settlement hierarchy is evidence of complex chiefdoms. Political and social inequality increase during the period, with elites controlling access to particular jade and ceramic products, and some living in what appear to be palaces. Interpersonal violence, warfare and human sacrifice also increased, although the latter remained rare.

Climate change and cultural response around 4000 cal yr BP in the western part of Chinese Loess Plateau

China on the eve of the historical period

Late Neolithic plant remains from northern China

A Study of LIAN sickles and DAO knives from the Longshan culture site of Liangchengzhen in southeastern Shandong

The beginnings of settled life

The Longshan Period site of Taosi in southern Shanxi Province

The development of agriculture and its impact on cultural expansion during the late Neolithic in the Western Loess Plateau, China

Phytolith analysis of an archaeological site (Longshan Period) in Zhumadian City, Henan Province, China

Dietary adaptation during the Longshan Period in China

Plants and people from the early Neolithic to Shang periods in north China

Mortuary ritual and social hierarchy in the Longshan culture

Settlement patterns, chiefdom variability, and the development of early states in north China

Rise and fall of early complex societies

Bronze cultures of the northern frontiers and beyond during the early second millenium BC

The Chinese Neolithic

Chemical identification and cultural implications of a mixed fermented beverage from late prehistoric China

The Longshan Period and incipient Chinese civilization

The Longshan culture of Shandong

Tradition Summary

Pottery production in chiefdoms

Variation in settlements during the Longshan Period of northern China

Craft production and social evolution during the Longshan Period of northern China

Changes in regional settlement patterns and the development of complex societies in southeastern Shandong, China

The Longshan culture in central Henan Province, c. 2600-1900 BC

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Author	Title	Publication Date
An, Cheng-Bang	Climate change and cultural response around 4000 cal yr BP in the western part of Chinese Loess Plateau	2005
Chang, Kwang-chih	China on the eve of the historical period	1999
Crawford, Gary W.	Late Neolithic plant remains from northern China	2005
Cunnar, Geoffrey	A Study of LIAN sickles and DAO knives from the Longshan culture site of Liangchengzhen in southeastern Shandong	2013
Fung, Christopher	The beginnings of settled life	1995
He, Nu	The Longshan Period site of Taosi in southern Shanxi Province	2013
Jia, Xin	The development of agriculture and its impact on cultural expansion during the late Neolithic in the Western Loess Plateau, China	2013
Jiang, Qinhua	Phytolith analysis of an archaeological site (Longshan Period) in Zhumadian City, Henan Province, China	1994
Lanehart, Rheta E.	Dietary adaptation during the Longshan Period in China	2011
Lee, Gyoung-Ah	Plants and people from the early Neolithic to Shang periods in north China	2007
Liu, Li	Mortuary ritual and social hierarchy in the Longshan culture	1996
Liu, Li	Settlement patterns, chiefdom variability, and the development of early states in north China	1996
Liu, Li	Rise and fall of early complex societies	2012
Liu, Li	Bronze cultures of the northern frontiers and beyond during the early second millenium BC	2012
Liu, Li	The Chinese Neolithic	2004
McGovern, Patrick E.	Chemical identification and cultural implications of a mixed fermented beverage from late prehistoric China	2005
Shao, Wangping	The Longshan Period and incipient Chinese civilization	2000
Sun, Bo	The Longshan culture of Shandong	2013
Underhill, Anne P.	Tradition Summary	2021
Underhill, Anne P.	Pottery production in chiefdoms	1991
Underhill, Anne P.	Variation in settlements during the Longshan Period of northern China	1994
Underhill, Anne P.	Craft production and social evolution during the Longshan Period of northern China	1996
Underhill, Anne P.	Changes in regional settlement patterns and the development of complex societies in southeastern Shandong, China	2008
Zhao, Chunqing	The Longshan culture in central Henan Province, c. 2600-1900 BC	2013

Yellow River Late Neolithic

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